One square in any direction. Cannot move into check.

Any number of squares in any direction (combines rook + bishop).

Any number of squares horizontally or vertically.

Any number of squares diagonally. Stays on its starting square color.

L-shape: 2 squares + 1 square. The only piece that can jump over others.

Forward 1 square (or 2 from starting rank). Captures diagonally only. Promotes to any piece on the last rank.

Kingside (O-O)

Queenside (O-O-O)

King moves 2 squares toward a rook; rook jumps to the other side. Requires: neither piece has moved, no pieces between them, king not in check and doesn't pass through check.

When an opponent pawn advances 2 squares from its starting position and lands beside your pawn, you can capture it as if it only moved 1 square. Must be done immediately on the very next move.